• Warning: A non-numeric value encountered in Seboettg\CiteProc\Util\PageHelper::renderChicago() (line 80 of vendor/seboettg/citeproc-php/src/Util/PageHelper.php).
    Seboettg\CiteProc\Util\PageHelper::renderChicago('213', '231+') (Line: 43)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Util\PageHelper::processPageRangeFormats(Array, Object) (Line: 160)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->renderPage('213-231+') (Line: 108)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 113)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Group->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 79)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\ChooseIf->render(Object) (Line: 83)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\Choose->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 79)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\ChooseIf->render(Object) (Line: 83)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\Choose->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 86)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Style\Macro->render(Object) (Line: 290)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->renderMacro(Object) (Line: 120)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->render(Object, 0) (Line: 130)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Layout->renderSingle(Object, 0) (Line: 97)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Layout->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 76)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Style\Bibliography->render(Object) (Line: 137)
Seboettg\CiteProc\CiteProc->bibliography(Object) (Line: 183)
Seboettg\CiteProc\CiteProc->render(Object) (Line: 67)
Drupal\bibcite\Plugin\BibCiteProcessor\CiteprocPhp->render(Object, '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

  
    Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (author-date)
    http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date
    
    
    
      Julian Onions
      julian.onions@gmail.com
    
    
      Sebastian Karcher
    
    
      Richard Karnesky
      karnesky+zotero@gmail.com
      http://arc.nucapt.northwestern.edu/Richard_Karnesky
    
    
      Andrew Dunning
      andrew.dunning@utoronto.ca
    
    
    
    The author-date variant of the Chicago style
    2015-12-16T02:32:01+00:00
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
  
  
    
      ed.
      by
      trans.
      
        edited and translated by
        edited and translated by
      
      trans.
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
        
        
          
          
          
          
          
        
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
        
        
        
        
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
        
        
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
            
            
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
        
          
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
              
                
                
                  
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
              
                
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
              
                
                  
                
                
                  
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
              
              
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                      
                      
                    
                  
                  
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
              
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
      
    
  
  
    
  
  
    
      
        
      
    
    
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
        
      
      
        
          
          
        
      
      
        
      
    
    
      
      
      
        
          
          
            
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
            
          
          
            
              
                
              
            
            
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
      
    
    
      
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
  

', 'en') (Line: 92)
Drupal\bibcite\CitationStyler->render(Array) (Line: 41)
bibcite_preprocess_bibcite_citation(Array, 'bibcite_citation', Array)
call_user_func_array('bibcite_preprocess_bibcite_citation', Array) (Line: 261)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('bibcite_citation', Array) (Line: 491)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 1204)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\field\FieldPluginBase->advancedRender(Object) (Line: 238)
template_preprocess_views_view_field(Array, 'views_view_field', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_views_view_field', Array) (Line: 261)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view_field', Array) (Line: 491)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 1796)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\field\FieldPluginBase->theme(Object) (Line: 767)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->elementPreRenderRow(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 113)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 870)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 432)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 706)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->renderFields(Array) (Line: 572)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->renderGrouping(Array, Array, 1) (Line: 460)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->render() (Line: 2177)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\display\DisplayPluginBase->render() (Line: 1592)
Drupal\views\ViewExecutable->render() (Line: 133)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\display\Block->execute() (Line: 1689)
Drupal\views\ViewExecutable->executeDisplay('block_1', Array) (Line: 81)
Drupal\views\Element\View::preRenderViewElement(Array) (Line: 61)
Drupal\views\Plugin\Block\ViewsBlock->build() (Line: 171)
Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender(Array)
call_user_func_array('Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender', Array) (Line: 113)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback('Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender', Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 870)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', 'Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender', Array) (Line: 432)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 504)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 577)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->renderVar(Array) (Line: 551)
__TwigTemplate_f541404ec0d267dc4ce59ecaeb25d3f3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 360)
Twig\Template->yield(Array) (Line: 335)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 33)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/cary/templates/nodes/bio/node--bio.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 491)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 238)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 231)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 128)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 111)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 186)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 76)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 53)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 28)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 32)
Drupal\big_pipe\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 50)
Drupal\ban\BanMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 36)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 741)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
  • Warning: A non-numeric value encountered in Seboettg\CiteProc\Util\PageHelper::renderChicago() (line 81 of vendor/seboettg/citeproc-php/src/Util/PageHelper.php).
    Seboettg\CiteProc\Util\PageHelper::renderChicago('213', '231+') (Line: 43)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Util\PageHelper::processPageRangeFormats(Array, Object) (Line: 160)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->renderPage('213-231+') (Line: 108)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 113)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Group->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 79)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\ChooseIf->render(Object) (Line: 83)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\Choose->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 79)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\ChooseIf->render(Object) (Line: 83)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Choose\Choose->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 86)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Style\Macro->render(Object) (Line: 290)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->renderMacro(Object) (Line: 120)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Text->render(Object, 0) (Line: 130)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Layout->renderSingle(Object, 0) (Line: 97)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Rendering\Layout->render(Object, NULL) (Line: 76)
Seboettg\CiteProc\Style\Bibliography->render(Object) (Line: 137)
Seboettg\CiteProc\CiteProc->bibliography(Object) (Line: 183)
Seboettg\CiteProc\CiteProc->render(Object) (Line: 67)
Drupal\bibcite\Plugin\BibCiteProcessor\CiteprocPhp->render(Object, '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

  
    Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (author-date)
    http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date
    
    
    
      Julian Onions
      julian.onions@gmail.com
    
    
      Sebastian Karcher
    
    
      Richard Karnesky
      karnesky+zotero@gmail.com
      http://arc.nucapt.northwestern.edu/Richard_Karnesky
    
    
      Andrew Dunning
      andrew.dunning@utoronto.ca
    
    
    
    The author-date variant of the Chicago style
    2015-12-16T02:32:01+00:00
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
  
  
    
      ed.
      by
      trans.
      
        edited and translated by
        edited and translated by
      
      trans.
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
        
        
          
          
          
          
          
        
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
        
        
        
        
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
        
        
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
            
            
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
        
          
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
              
                
                
                  
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
              
                
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
              
                
                  
                
                
                  
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
              
              
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
        
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                      
                      
                    
                  
                  
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
              
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
      
    
  
  
    
  
  
    
      
        
      
    
    
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
          
        
      
      
        
          
          
        
      
      
        
      
    
    
      
      
      
        
          
          
            
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
          
          
          
        
      
      
        
      
      
        
          
            
            
            
          
          
            
              
                
              
            
            
            
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              
            
          
          
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
              
            
          
          
          
            
              
              
            
          
        
        
      
    
  
  
    
      
      
      
    
    
      
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
  

', 'en') (Line: 92)
Drupal\bibcite\CitationStyler->render(Array) (Line: 41)
bibcite_preprocess_bibcite_citation(Array, 'bibcite_citation', Array)
call_user_func_array('bibcite_preprocess_bibcite_citation', Array) (Line: 261)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('bibcite_citation', Array) (Line: 491)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 1204)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\field\FieldPluginBase->advancedRender(Object) (Line: 238)
template_preprocess_views_view_field(Array, 'views_view_field', Array)
call_user_func_array('template_preprocess_views_view_field', Array) (Line: 261)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view_field', Array) (Line: 491)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 1796)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\field\FieldPluginBase->theme(Object) (Line: 767)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->elementPreRenderRow(Array)
call_user_func_array(Array, Array) (Line: 113)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback(Array, Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 870)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', Array, Array) (Line: 432)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 706)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->renderFields(Array) (Line: 572)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->renderGrouping(Array, Array, 1) (Line: 460)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\style\StylePluginBase->render() (Line: 2177)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\display\DisplayPluginBase->render() (Line: 1592)
Drupal\views\ViewExecutable->render() (Line: 133)
Drupal\views\Plugin\views\display\Block->execute() (Line: 1689)
Drupal\views\ViewExecutable->executeDisplay('block_1', Array) (Line: 81)
Drupal\views\Element\View::preRenderViewElement(Array) (Line: 61)
Drupal\views\Plugin\Block\ViewsBlock->build() (Line: 171)
Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender(Array)
call_user_func_array('Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender', Array) (Line: 113)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doTrustedCallback('Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender', Array, 'Render #pre_render callbacks must be methods of a class that implements \Drupal\Core\Security\TrustedCallbackInterface or be an anonymous function. The callback was %s. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2966725', 'exception', 'Drupal\Core\Render\Element\RenderCallbackInterface') (Line: 870)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doCallback('#pre_render', 'Drupal\block\BlockViewBuilder::preRender', Array) (Line: 432)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 504)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 577)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->renderVar(Array) (Line: 551)
__TwigTemplate_f541404ec0d267dc4ce59ecaeb25d3f3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 360)
Twig\Template->yield(Array) (Line: 335)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 33)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/cary/templates/nodes/bio/node--bio.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 491)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 248)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 238)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 231)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 128)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 111)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 186)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 76)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 53)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 28)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 32)
Drupal\big_pipe\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 50)
Drupal\ban\BanMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 36)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 741)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)

Dr. David L. Strayer

Freshwater Ecologist | PhD, 1984, Cornell University

Expertise
Hudson River, invasive species, streams

Email Download CV
  • Profile
  • Past Projects
  • Publications

Dave Strayer is a freshwater ecologist whose current work focuses on measuring the long-term effects of zebra mussels on the Hudson River ecosystem, and understanding the roles of suspension-feeding animals in ecosystems. Strayer also works on broader issues in freshwater conservation ecology and invasion biology.

Species introductions are one of the most important ways by which humans affect the Earth’s ecosystems. Strayer has been involved in much research in this area, particularly regarding the zebra mussel. This tiny bivalve arrived in North America from Europe in the 1980s and has caused hundreds of millions of dollars in economic damage and widespread ecological change.

Water clarity, water chemistry, food webs, and populations of native species, including fish, in the Hudson River all changed after zebra mussels arrived. Now, decades after their first appearance, Strayer and Cary scientists see evidence of fundamental long-term changes in the relationship between the river and the invader. The Cary group has been tracking this changing relationship for almost 30 years, providing one of the longest and most detailed case studies in invasion ecology.

Strayer also works on the ecology and conservation of native pearly mussels, a highly diverse and imperiled group of animals. He wrote Freshwater Mussel Ecology: A Multifactor Approach to Distribution and Abundance.

Zebra mussels and pearly mussels are examples of suspension-feeders – animals that feed by removing tiny particles from the water. These animals can have large, pervasive effects on aquatic ecosystems.  Strayer is currently working to synthesize information and understanding of freshwater suspension-feeders across a wide range of species and ecosystems.

In addition to his scientific publications, Strayer has written several dozen essays for the general public, which are collected in The Lost Snail of the Yangtze and Other Essays.

Mapping the Hudson estuary's submerged lands
Ladd, J. W., R.E. Bell, E.A. Blair, H. Bokuniewicz, S.M. Carbotte, R.M. Cerrato, S. Chillrud, et al. 2002. “Mapping the Hudson estuary’s Submerged Lands”. Clearwaters 32: 5-7.
Ecology and distribution of hyporheic microannelids (Oligochaeta, Aphanoneura, and Polychaeta) from the eastern United States
Strayer, David L. 2001. “Ecology and Distribution of Hyporheic Microannelids (Oligochaeta, Aphanoneura, and Polychaeta) from the Eastern United States”. Arch. Hydrobiol. 151: 493-510.
The function of marine critical transition zones and the importance of sediment biodiversity
Levin, L., D.F. Boesch, A.P. Covich, C.N. Dahm, C. Erséus, K.C. Ewel, R.T. Kneib, et al. 2001. “The Function of Marine Critical Transition Zones and the Importance of Sediment Biodiversity”. Ecosystems 4: 430-51.
The zoobenthos of the freshwater tidal Hudson River and its response to the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion
Strayer, David L., and L. C. Smith. 2001. “The Zoobenthos of the Freshwater Tidal Hudson River and Its Response to the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena Polymorpha) Invasion”. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. (Monographic Studies) 139: 1-52. http://www.caryinstitute.org/reprints/archiv_2001_hudson_benthos.pdf.
Endangered freshwater invertebrates
Strayer, David L. 2001. “Endangered Freshwater Invertebrates”. In S. A. Levin (ed.). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2:425-39. Academic Press, Inc.
Gastrotricha (2001)
Strayer, David L., and W.D. Hummon. 2001. “Gastrotricha (2001)”. In J. H. Thorp and A. P. Covich (eds.). Ecology and Classification of Freshwater Invertebrates of North America. 2nd Edition, 181-94. Academic Press, Inc.
River ecosystems
Limburg, K. E., D. P. Swaney, and David L. Strayer. 2001. “River Ecosystems”. In S. A. Levin (ed.). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 5, 213-31. Academic Press, Inc.
Dissolved oxygen declines in the Hudson River associated with the invasion of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Caraco, Nina F., Jonathan J. Cole, Stuart E. G. Findlay, David T. Fischer, G. G. Lampman, Michael L. Pace, and David L. Strayer. 2000. “Dissolved Oxygen Declines in the Hudson River Associated With the Invasion of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena Polymorpha)”. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 1204-10. http://www.sgnis.org/publicat/est1204.htm.
The freshwater mussels of the Tonawanda Creek basin in western New York
Marangelo, P. J., and David L. Strayer. 2000. “The Freshwater Mussels of the Tonawanda Creek Basin in Western New York”. Walkerana 11: 97-106.
Macroinvertebrates of a rocky shore in the freshwater tidal Hudson River
Strayer, David L., and L. C. Smith. 2000. “Macroinvertebrates of a Rocky Shore in the Freshwater Tidal Hudson River”. Estuaries 23: 359-66. http://www.sgnis.org/publicat/est359.htm.

Articles by David Strayer